Unveiling hidden structures in the Coma cluster

We have assembled a large data-set of 613 galaxy redshifts in the Coma cluster, the largest presently available for a cluster of galaxies. We have defined a sample of cluster members complete to b$_{26.5}=20.0$, using a membership criterion based on the galaxy velocity, when available, or on the galaxy magnitude and colour, otherwise. Such a data set allows us to define nearly complete samples within a region of 1~\Mpc\ radius, with a sufficient number of galaxies per sample to make statistical analyses possible. Using this sample and the {\em ROSAT} PSPC X--ray image of the cluster, we have re-analyzed the structure and kinematics of Coma, by applying the wavelet and adaptive kernel techniques. A striking coincidence of features is found in the distributions of galaxies and hot intracluster gas. The two central dominant galaxies, NGC4874 and NGC4889, are surrounded by two galaxy groups, mostly populated with galaxies brighter than b$_{26.5}=17$ and well separated in velocity space. On the contrary, the fainter galaxies tend to form a single smooth structure with a central peak coinciding in position with a secondary peak detected in X--rays, and located between the two dominant galaxies; we suggest to identify this structure with the main body of the Coma cluster. A continuous velocity gradient is found in the central distribution of these faint galaxies, a probable signature of tidal interactions rather than rotation. There is evidence for a bound population of bright galaxies around other brightest cluster members. Altogether, the Coma cluster structure seems to be better traced by the faint galaxy population, the bright galaxies being located in subclusters. We discuss this evidence in terms of an ongoing accretion of groups onto the cluster.Comment: to appear in A&A, 19 pages, uuencoded gzipped postscript fil

Deformation theory of objects in homotopy and derived categories II: pro-representability of the deformation functor

This is the second paper in a series. In part I we developed deformation theory of objects in homotopy and derived categories of DG categories. Here we extend these (derived) deformation functors to an appropriate bicategory of artinian DG algebras and prove that these extended functors are pro-representable in a strong sense.Comment: Alexander Efimov is a new co-author of this paper. New material was added: A_{\infty}-structures, Maurer-Cartan theory for A_{\infty}-algebras. This allows us to strengthen our main results on the pro-representability of pseudo-functors coDEF_{-} and DEF_{-}. We also obtain an equivalence between homotopy and derived deformation functors under weaker hypothese

The Morphologically Divided Redshift Distribution of Faint Galaxies

We have constructed a morphologically divided redshift distribution of faint field galaxies using a statistically unbiased sample of 196 galaxies brighter than I = 21.5 for which detailed morphological information (from the Hubble Space Telescope) as well as ground-based spectroscopic redshifts are available. Galaxies are classified into 3 rough morphological types according to their visual appearance (E/S0s, Spirals, Sdm/dE/Irr/Pec's), and redshift distributions are constructed for each type. The most striking feature is the abundance of low to moderate redshift Sdm/dE/Irr/Pec's at I < 19.5. This confirms that the faint end slope of the luminosity function (LF) is steep (alpha < -1.4) for these objects. We also find that Sdm/dE/Irr/Pec's are fairly abundant at moderate redshifts, and this can be explained by strong luminosity evolution. However, the normalization factor (or the number density) of the LF of Sdm/dE/Irr/Pec's is not much higher than that of the local LF of Sdm/dE/Irr/Pec's. Furthermore, as we go to fainter magnitudes, the abundance of moderate to high redshift Irr/Pec's increases considerably. This cannot be explained by strong luminosity evolution of the dwarf galaxy populations alone: these Irr/Pec's are probably the progenitors of present day ellipticals and spiral galaxies which are undergoing rapid star formation or merging with their neighbors. On the other hand, the redshift distributions of E/S0s and spirals are fairly consistent those expected from passive luminosity evolution, and are only in slight disagreement with the non-evolving model.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures (published in ApJ

Optimization Study of Beam Position and Angular Jitter Independent Bunch Length Monitor for Awake Run 2

In this paper, a study using the Polarization Current Approach (PCA) model is performed to optimize the design of a short bunch length monitor using two dielectric radiators that produce coherent Cherenkov Diffraction Radiation (ChDR). The electromagnetic power emitted from each radiator is measuring a different part of the bunch spectrum using Schottky diodes. For various bunch lengths, the coherent ChDR spectrums are calculated to find the most suitable frequency bands for the detection system. ChDR intensities measured by each detector are estimated for different impact parameters to explore the dependence of bunch length monitor on beam position and angular jitter. It is found that, in the present configuration, the effects of beam position and angular jitter are negligibly small for bunch length measurement

Contribution of information measures in evidential knowledge modelling

Within the framework of pattern recognition, many methods of classification were develo ed. More recently, techniques using the ~empster-Shafer's theory tried to deal with the problem related to the management O P the uncertainîy and the data fusion. In this paper, we propose a classification method based on this theory. The main difficuliy of this method is the knowledge modelling. To solve this problem, several methods were proposed, in particular by A. Appriou 11, 21. ln order to respect the bayesian approach in the case where the a priori probabilities are perfectly known, we use this method to initialize a belief structure. Our contribution lies in the use of reliability factors for each information source according to each hypothesis. These coefficients are defined by a dissirnilarity measure between two approximations of unknown probability distributions. These are determined by histograms built by the use of information criteria. ~ hleea st relicible belief structure are attenuated. Then, we use the Dempster's rule of combination to aggregate the attenuated sources. ResuIts on synthetic data are given in order to illustrate the method.Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance de formes, plusieurs méthodes de classification ont été développées. Plus récemment, des méthodes utilisant la théorie de Dempster-Shafer ont été mises au point afin de gérer les problèmes liés à la fusion d'informations imparfaites. Nous proposons ici une méthode de discrimination fondée sur l'utilisation de structures de croyance. L'une des principales difficultés de la théorie de l'évidence réside dans la modélisation des connaissances. Afin de pallier ce problème, plusieurs méthodes de modélisation des connaissances à l'aide de fonctions de croyance ont vu le jour, dont celle proposée par A. Appriou [1, 2]. Afin de respecter l'inférence bayésienne dans le cas de la connaissance parfaite des probabilités a priori, nous utilisons cette méthode pour initialiser nos fonctions de croyance. Notre contribution réside dans l'utilisation de coefficients de fiabilité attribués à chaque source d'information selon chaque hypothèse afin de modéliser le plus précisément possible l'information disponible. Ces coefficients sont définis par l'intermédiaire d'une mesure de ressemblance entre des approximations de lois de probabilités a priori inconnues. Celles-ci sont déterminées par des histogrammes construits à l'aide de critères d'information. Les structures de croyance issues des sources les moins fiables sont alors affaiblies. Ensuite, les informations sont fusionnées à l'aide de l'opérateur de combinaison de Dempster. Des résultats sur des données synthétiques sont proposés afin d'illustrer la méthode

Treating clinical mastitis in dairy cows with essential oils

Clinical mastitis is the main concern in dairy farming today, but there are very few drugs that are compatible with organic specifications. Our study was conducted in order to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of the intramammary infusion of three essential oils, Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus verbenone and Laurus nobilis. Fifty-five cases of mastitis were treated with 10 ml of a mixture of the three oils (1.5% each in sunflower oil). Forty-five others were treated with 10 ml of a mixture of Thymus vulgaris and Rosmarinus verbenone (6% of each in sunflower oil or in water). The recovery rate was only 40%, which is deemed unsatisfactory